What Is Inheritance, Superclass, and Subclass in Java

An important concept in object-oriented programming is inheritance. It provides a way for objects to define relationships with each other. As the name suggests, an object is able to inherit characteristics from another object. In more concrete terms, an object is able to pass on its state and behaviors to its children. For inheritance to work, the objects need to have characteristics in common with each other. In Java, classes can be taken from other classes, which can be taken from others, and so on. This is because they can inherit features from the class above it, all the way up to the topmost Object class. An Example of Java Inheritance Lets say we make a class called Human that represents our physical characteristics. Its a generic class that could represent you, me, or anyone in the world. Its state keeps track of things like the number of legs, number of arms, and blood type. It has behaviors like eat, sleep, and walk. Human is good for getting an overall sense of what makes us all the same but it cant, for instance, tell me about gender differences. For that, wed need to make two new class types called Man and Woman. The state and behaviors of these two classes will differ from each other in a lot of ways except for the ones that they inherit from Human. Therefore, inheritance allows us to encompass the parent class state and behaviors into its child. The child class can then extend the state and behaviors to reflect the differences it represents. The most important aspect of this concept to remember is that the child class is a more specialized version of the parent. Whats a Superclass? In the relationship between two objects, a superclass is the name given to the class that is being inherited from. It sounds like a super duper class, but remember that its the more generic version. Better names to use might be base class or simply parent class. To take a more real-world example this time, we could have a superclass called Person. Its state holds the persons name, address, height, and weight, and has behaviors like go shopping, make the bed, and watch TV. We could make two new classes that inherit from Person called Student and Worker. They are more specialized versions because although they have names, addresses, watch TV, and go shopping, they also have characteristics that are different from each other. Worker could have a state that holds a job title and place of employment whereas Student might hold data on an area of study and an institution of learning. Superclass Example: Imagine you define a Person class: public class Person { } A new class can be created by extending this class: public class Employee extends Person { } The Person class is said to be the superclass of the Employee class. Whats a Subclass? In the relationship between two objects, a subclass is the name given to the class that is inheriting from the superclass. Although it sounds a little drabber, remember that its a more specialized version of the superclass. In the previous example, Student and Worker are the subclasses. Subclasses can also be known as derived classes, child classes, or extended classes. How Many Subclasses Can I Have? You can have as many subclasses as you want. There is no limitation to how many subclasses a superclass can have. Likewise, there isnt a limitation on the number of levels of inheritance. A hierarchy of classes can be built upon a certain area of commonality. In fact, if you look at the Java API libraries you will see many examples of inheritance. Every class in the APIs is inherited from a class called java.lang.Object. For example, any time you use a JFrame object, youre at the end of a long line of inheritance: java.lang.Object extended by java.awt.Component extended by java.awt.Container extended by java.awt.Window extended by java.awt.Frame extended by javax.swing.JFrame In Java, when a subclass inherits from a superclass, its known as extending the superclass. Can My Subclass Inherit From Many Superclasses? No. In Java, a subclass can only extend one superclass. Why Use Inheritance? Inheritance allows programmers to reuse code theyve already written. In the Human class example, we dont need to create new fields in the Man and Woman class to hold the blood type because we can use the one inherited from the Human class. Another benefit of using inheritance is that it lets us treat a subclass as if it was a superclass. For example, lets say a program has created multiple instances of the Man and Woman objects. The program might need to call the sleep behavior for all these objects. Because the sleep behavior is a behavior of the Human superclass, we can group all the Man and Woman objects together and treat them as if they were Human objects.

Child Abuse And Its Effects On The Child - 1110 Words

In 2012, state child protective agencies received approximately 3.4 million referrals, involving an estimated 6.3 million children, alleging abuse or neglect (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Based on investigations, states reported that an estimated 678,810 unique children were victims of abuse or neglect in 2012, resulting in a national victimization rate of 9.2 per 1,000 children per the population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Child abuse can have lasting negative effects on the child; mentally, physically and emotionally. Child abuse is defined as; the recurrent infliction of physical, or emotional injury on a dependent minor, through the intentional beatings, uncontrolled corporal punishment, persistent ridicule and degradation, or sexual abuse committed by parents or guardian. The victims of child mistreatment experience abuse by their parent and/or guardian and family member. Many factors can contribute to child abuse but it is never justifiable. Punishment can sometimes lead to the abuse of infants and children, (Ciccheti, 2011, 2013). A history of abuse in the family and the parent’s unresolved issues may arise if the parent is harboring the pain from what they experienced. Poverty and low socioeconomic status can also contribute to abuse. Unfortunately, a blind eye is turned against the perpetrators because of denial or fear of what could have to the child or offender. The abuser will threate n or instill fear in theShow MoreRelatedEffects of Child Abuse658 Words   |  3 PagesChild abuse Child abuse has gone down in recent years. There is a statistic that says in 2012 that 1 in every 100 children was abused in the U.S (Iannelli,). Child abuse isn’t only physical it could be emotional or neglect. Another thing about child abuse is that it could affect the child’s academics. Because of all the stress that they endure carries on into their school life. A lot of people who have been abused as a child it usually doesn’t stop affecting them as kids it usually carries on intoRead MoreChild Abuse Effects1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe consequences of child abuse can be devastating. For over 30 years clinicians have described the effects of child abuse and neglect on the physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development of children. Studies show that most child abuse is usually liked with domestic violence. The consequences of child abuse are: ââ€"  Physical consequences range from minor injuries, to severe brain damage and even death. ââ€"  Psychological consequences range from chronic low self-esteem to severe dissociativeRead MoreEffects of child abuse2236 Words   |  9 Pages The Impact of Child Abuse In the typical classroom, a 4-year-old child once said, â€Å"If someone wants to have sex with you, you have to do it.† (Rafanello) Child abuse is more prevalent now than ever, and the numbers are only growing. This shows us that child abuse is more relevant now than ever. The amount of damage inflicted on these children mentally range from mild to extreme. This is why it’s important that child abuse gets reported as soon as possible. Did you know that 3.2 million childrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Abuse And Child Abuse2622 Words   |  11 Pagessquad, after finding three young children dead in their bed after their mother had killed them. (Qtd. In Juettner 12). Abuse doesn’t just affect children, it affects adults too. While many cases of abuse are reported, there are still many that go unreported. Abuse and child abuse is not something to be taken lightly, even after the abuse has been stopped there are long lasting effects. Could you imagine being abused by someone you thought loved or cared about you? According to dictionary.com, the definitionRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Abuse On Child Abuse980 Words   |  4 Pagesthe war against child abuse since the first case of child abuse in 1874 that included a child being beaten and chained against her will (Meadows, 2014). Many people hear the words child abuse and think of physical abuse. While, many people are correct in thinking of physical abuse, an â⠂¬Å"Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE)† study done by the CDC shows that although physical abuse is the leading form of child abuse, emotional or psychological abuse is the second leading form of child abuse (2014). AlthoughRead MoreThe Effects of Child Abuse596 Words   |  2 PagesChild abuse is more than just hurtful and physical contact. It is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse is noticeable there are many other types of abuse that kids may be experiencing such as physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse , and neglecting . Although some of these May be very different from the others they all have one thing in common; they will all leave a long lasting scar. Child abuse is something that should be tried to be prevented at all times. It seemsRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And I ts Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Society1342 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse. How does one decide what constitutes abuse? Is there a thin line between abuse and discipline? We often hear the horrific stories of child abuse in our communities, but are we as a society so used to hearing these stories that we have become desensitized to them? Child abuse is a prevalent thing in communities and often time the victims are suffering in silence. We, as a society, have a bad habit of â€Å"turning our heads the other way† or â€Å"not wanting to get involved.† The mentality of

Luminiferous by High On Fire free essay sample

High On Fire is a sludge or stoner metal band that have formed around the early 2000s. Considering their popularity, they are one of the most respected bands in the metal community with many of their fans seeing as if they have made little to no mistakes in their music and yes, if they have a problem with one thing, its making a bad song or album by any means. But that just leaves for some extra enjoyment for the rest of us. Luminiferous includes a slight change when compared to some of their previous works which is speed. Dont worry however because you can still make sludgy styled thrash metal because youre High On Fire for one, and two because you can basically use some magic voodoo trickery of layering your guitar and bass recordings, and downtuning the heck out of it. With such a beefy sound, its kind of hard not to like this band truthfully. We will write a custom essay sample on Luminiferous by High On Fire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The inclusion of 10 tracks adding up to about 54 minutes in length means that it has a good amount of time for something special, and they save all the sludge for the end tracks like The Cave and Luminiferous. Not to say the more thrashy songs like Slave The Hive, The Falconist, and Carcosa arent bad, far from that. In fact, I almost guarantee youll like both sides of this album whether or not youre familiar with the thrash/sludge part in the first half. There could be some flaws, there are some small ones actually, but theyre so small its hard to really pinpoint from here. I guess one of them is the transition between the first two tracks, Im almost certain Carcosa starts out the same as the first one, which ultimately confuses me. The writing for these tracks are great, its heavy, its sludgy and hey, most people are high up on this on and for good reason too. I really wasnt hoping it would be as good as it actually is. I give this a 9.5/10. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Sugar Ray Robinson Essays - Jake LaMotta, Sugar Ray Robinson

Sugar Ray Robinson Pound for pound, the best. The claim has been used to describe many boxers, but it was invented for Sugar Ray Robinson. Never mind the weight class. When it came to boxing, Robinson was as good as it got. . Muhammad Ali called Sugar Ray the king, the master, my idol. Robinson could deliver a knockout blow going backward, boxing historian Bert Sugar said. Robinson held the world welterweight title from 1946 to 1951, then was the middleweight champion five times between 1951 and 1960. At his peak, his record was 128-1-2 with 84 knockouts. And he never took a 10-count in his 200 fights, though he once suffered a TKO. His one early loss was to Jake LaMotta, his career-long rival. They fought six times, and Robinson won five. As recently as 1997, Robinson was renamed the best of all time -- pound for pound -- when The Ring magazine chose him the best boxer in its 75 years of publication. But Robinson's legacy was not made on boxing alone. He was one of the first African-American athletes to become a major star outside of sports. With his flashy pink Cadillac convertible and his Harlem nightclub, Sugar Ray was as much a part of the New York scene in the forties and fifties as the Copa and Sinatra. He was the pioneer of boxing's bigger-than-life entourages, including a secretary, barber, masseur, voice coach, a coterie of trainers, beautiful women, a dwarf mascot and lifelong manager George Gainford. After making an estimated $4 million in the ring, Robinson spent himself into destitution by the mid-sixties. Then he reinvented himself by getting into show business -- acting and even singing. But he would always be remembered for the music he made in the ring. He boxed as though he were playing the violin, sportswriter Barney Nagler observed. Robinson literally made his name boxing. Born Walker Smith Jr. in Ailey, Ga. on May 3, 1921 (some say it was earlier), he moved with his parents to New York. Boxing in a Harlem gym, he borrowed the Amateur Athletic Union boxing card of a friend named Ray Robinson. An early look at the future champ prompted Gainford to say he was sweet as sugar. So Walker Smith Jr. was no longer. In 1939, Sugar Ray Robinson was born. Shortly after winning the New York Golden Gloves, Robinson turned pro at age 19. Aside from a hitch in the Army, Robinson's World War II life was marked by the beginning of his rivalry with LaMotta. It started with his brutal, 10-round victory in New York. LaMotta, a middleweight, won their first rematch in Detroit, Robinson's first defeat in 41 pro fights. Then Robinson, a welterweight, avenged the loss three weeks later, also in Detroit. Robinson won two more decisions over LaMotta in 1945. I fought Sugar Ray so often, I almost got diabetes, LaMotta later said. Just before Christmas 1946, Robinson won the vacant welterweight championship with a unanimous 15-round decision over Tommy Bell. An eighth-round TKO of Jimmy Doyle in 1947 proved to be a tragic title defense for Robinson. Doyle suffered brain injuries that eventually cost him his life. When the coroner asked if he figured to get Doyle in trouble, Robinson said, Mister, it's my business to get him in trouble. Robinson continued to dominate his welterweight championship fights, including winning a unanimous decision over future champ Kid Gavilan on July 11, 1949. Then he moved up and won the vacant Pennsylvania middleweight title in 1950 with a unanimous decision over France's Robert Villemain. Still, there was that enduring memory of the only man who ever beat him. After more than five years, Robinson was reunited with LaMotta at Chicago Stadium on Feb. 14, 1951. Through seven rounds, the fight was competitive. Then the champ took command in the bloody St. Valentine's Day Massacre. The raging Robinson ripped into the raging bull and it was a weary LaMotta who came out for the 12th round, hanging onto the ropes, Robinson's trunks, anything he could find to avoid being knocked down for the first time in his career. Somehow, LaMotta answered the bell for the 13th, but a barrage of unanswered punches

Free Essays on Wordsworth Vs. Coleridge

worth did this emphasizing the validity of his own personal experience,... Free Essays on Wordsworth Vs. Coleridge Free Essays on Wordsworth Vs. Coleridge The Para and the Normal Romanticism was characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature: â€Å"an abundant imagery coinciding with an equally abundant quantity of natural objects, the theme of imagination linked closely to the theme of nature, such is the fundamental ambiguity that characterizes the poetics of romanticism† (de Man 66). Thus, as romantic literature everywhere developed, imagination was praised over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science- making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion. This literature emphasized a new flexibility of form adapted to varying content, encouraged the development of complex and fast-moving plots, and allowed mixed genres (tragicomedy and the mingling of the grotesque and the sublime) and freer style. The preface to Lyrical Ballads (1802), by English poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge was of prime impor tance as a manifesto of literary romanticism. In Coleridge’s Biographia Literaria he recalls conversations with Wordsworth regarding â€Å"the two cardinal points of poetry: the power of exciting the sympathy of the reader by a faithful adherence to the truth of nature, and the power of giving the interest of novelty by the modifying colours of imagination† (526). Both Coleridge’s and Wordsworth’s contributions to Lyrical Ballads affirm the importance of these cardinal points of poetry of nature and imagination to poetic creation; Coleridge does this using the supernatural, while Wordsworth uses subjects from ordinary life. In the preface to Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth explains that he proposes to â€Å"chose incidents and situations from common life† use â€Å"language really used by men† and to present ordinary things to the mind in an unusual way (357). Wordsworth did this emphasizing the validity of his own personal experience,...

How To Crush A $300,000 Launch With Smart Passive Income

How To Crush A $300,000 Launch With Smart Passive Income Garrett Moon’s 10X-Marketing Formula features interviews with top marketing professionals to uncover uncommon marketing mindsets, methods, and growth strategies. There’s so much you can learn from them to help your business! Today, we’re talking to Pat Flynn, the founder of Smart Passive Income, about how to crush a $300,000 launch and keep up with publishing so much valuable content. Besides starting his own software and app businesses and Websites, Pat also helps thousands grow their online businesses by sharing his process of what goes well and what doesn’t. Some of the highlights of the show include: Initially, Pat did everything on his own. However, his team has grown over the past few years to support his mission. Now, most tasks are handled by his team. Pat handles the big ideas, not the busy work. Pat has been able to output more content and not fall behind as a result, including through online courses, books, and speaking engagements. Plan ahead when it comes to your content. Develop a top-down view using an editorial calendar to maintain efficiency and consistency. What topics do you want to cover? What are customers talking about? Develop lead magnets associated with topics or themes. What potential incentive can you offer to customers? Incentives could include an affiliate product or offer for an online course or Webinar. Thinking ahead of time gives you opportunities to be more strategic with your content. An editorial calendar makes sure all team members are onboard with the same goals and tasks. It’s about content and what teams are doing related to it. Then, they know what’s coming and what they can look forward to. Pat’s team meets every two weeks to review goals and accomplishments of the past two weeks, as well as items they want to achieve in the next two weeks. It ensures that they are working on what they need to truly be working on. If everything goes as planned, that’s a bonus. Fire drills are things that happen and blow everything up. So, you need to have flexibility built into your editorial calendar for unexpected issues and to put out fires. As a manager, Pat is comforted to know what needs to be done and that his team members are handling tasks. It is motivational, too, because he knows his team is holding up their responsibilities, which makes him more likely to do what he is responsible for completing. It’s a cohesive unit that supports each other. An editorial calendar equals freedom, flexibility, and breathing room for you. It takes the weight off your shoulders because goals and structure are developed and in place. A little time upfront means less time spent later on. When implementing an editorial calendar, there are some best practices to follow. It takes iteration, experimentation, and communication. makes it simple. Links 10X-Marketing Formula by Garrett Moon Will it Fly and Let Go by Pat Flynn Smart Passive Income AskPat podcast Power-Up Podcasting course Write and send a review to receive a care package If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Pat: â€Å"I’m only now doing what only I can do. Everything else is being taken care of by the team, and it’s so essential.† â€Å"Have your own content, support your own content.† â€Å"Podcast was on everyone’s mind because we planned ahead, we utilized the editorial calendar, and we hit a home run.† â€Å"Stop, start, and continue has become an important thing for us.†

Concussions - How Many Concussions Are Too Many Essay

Concussions - How Many Concussions Are Too Many - Essay Example Are athletes and coaches not properly informed to deal with concussions, as far as their symptoms, how to manage and identify them, and when is it safe to return to the game etc are concerned? This paper briefly analyses concussions and tries to find answers to all the questions mentioned above. â€Å"Concussion is a form of head injury that occurs immediately after a blunt force strikes the head causing the brain to move within the confines of the skull. The Latin word ‘‘concussus,’’ from which the word concussion is derived, means to shake violently† (Cobb & Battin, 2004, p.262). â€Å"Sixty-one per cent of British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) players surveyed had already experienced at least one concussion. The concussion is defined as a loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, post-traumatic amnesia lasting less than 24 hours† (Kent, 1999). â€Å"The study, conducted by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill researchers and colleagues, found that retired National Football League players faced a 37 per cent higher risk of Alzheimer’s than other U. S. males of the same age. When considering the prevalence of previous concussions, 1,513, or 60.8 per cent, of the retired players reported having sustained at lea st one concussion during their professional playing career, and 597, or 24 per cent, reported sustaining three or more concussions. Among retired players who sustained a concussion during their professional careers, more than half reported experiencing loss of consciousness or memory loss from at least one of their concussions (ScienceDaily, Oct. 11, 2005). A concussion is a common injury suffered by the athletes and sports personalities. Players of games like Football, Hockey, Rugby, Cricket, Boxing etc are more volatile to concussion problems. It is not necessary that a person experiences the effect of a concussion immediately after he suffered it.  Ã‚  

Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ethical Issues - Essay Example Thesis statement: An investigation into the Parenting Programs in US Prison Systems to assess the ethical issues of conducting these sorts of programs. The responsibility a father to lead his child to become a productive and able citizen in the society is significant. But in America, around 24 million children do not get enough care and attention from their fathers (Leving, 2007). Besides, our society is responsible to lead these children towards the right path in their future life. For instance the Council on Responsible Fatherhood situated in Illinois plays the crucial role by conducting parenting programs to tackle this challenge. This Council aims to help the children in Illinois to grow with their fathers. The council is planning to instill awareness among the mass by conducting a number of programs like Regional Meetings, Statewide Symposiums etc. One of the missions of the Council is to raise public awareness on the consequences of absence of fathers in a family, and its negative effect on children (Leving, 2007). The most important reason for the absence of fathers in families is short or long term imprisonment. This exampl e proves the importance of parenting programs in US Prison systems. As prisoners lead an isolated life in prisons, it is important to implement Marriage and Relationship Education Programs under Parenting Programs in Prison Systems. Short or long term imprisonment badly affects father- child/ husband –spouse relation and it is the duty of prison authorities to implement effective measures to improve marital relation through educational programs in prison systems. In the US prison system, there are a number of Marriage and Relationship Education Programs. The Prevention and Relationship Education Program or PREP helps couples to develop strong marriage bonds. The goal of PREP is to negative patterns in marital relationships and to inculcate individual, emotional and

Hurricane Charley Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Charley Essay Trees down every where, houses crushed, roofs gone, thousands of people without power, cars damaged, people dieing. Hurricane Charley was perhaps one of most devastating events that I have ever experienced, in my entire life. The next morning after hurricane Charley hit, we drove outside and saw the devastating remains that Charley left. The roads were full of chaos, with no traffic lights, and the gas lines were insanely long. I was very fortunate to only loose my power and cable, in comparison to some people loosing a loved one. This hurricane caused approximately $20 billion in damages, which is nothing compared the 19 lives it took. I learned to never underestimate the effects of a hurricane, always be prepared for a hurricane, and to always think and help the less fortunate. Hurricane Charley wasnt perceived as a very powerful hurricane to a lot of people as it progressed more towards Central Florida. I feel that a lot of people were not very prepared for Charley, just as I wasnt. When I heard about this hurricane coming I thought, Oh, another hurricane coming, there is going to be a lot of rain. I didnt think it was going to be a big deal at all. After the hurricane hit, I realized that I was completely wrong. One should always be prepared for a hurricane. I think that this statement is most definitely true, and should be carried out by everyone. Every household should have plenty of water, money, gas, batteries, flashlights, and many other things stashed away in their houses. There were major gas outages at the gas stations, because people were filling up their generators and cars. One of the major problems was that almost everyone was out of power, so you could cook or keep things cold without a generator. This lead to everyone needed ice to keep their very expensive groceries cold. When I looked back at what resulted from Charley, I actually feel fortunate. Yes, Charley did cause my dad lost business, left a lot of yard for me, left power and cable outages, and hundreds of dollars of meat to go bad. When I thought about this I felt kind of unfortunate but, when I thought about the people that starve day after day on normal bases in places like Africa, I feel fortunate. A lot of people in other countries dont ever have power, cable, or even houses for that matter. I think that after events like this,  we should all pull together and help one another. Volunteer to help your neighbors and people that had it worse then you, have free barbeques with your meat that is going to go bad anyway, and most of all give everyone moral support. I think that Charley was a very important learning experience for a lot of us and should be thought about in different views. If you think about it, were you that effected by hurricane Charley? Did you take your power for granted? Were you well prepared for this hurricane? Did you underestimate Charley? All of these are important things to think about as you look back on Charley.

Homers Bio :: Essays Papers

Homers Bio Biography of Homer (?-? BC) Beyond a few fragments of information, historians and classicists can only speculate about the life of the man who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey. The details are few. We do not even know the century in which he lived, and it is difficult to say with absolute certainty that the same poet composed both works. The Greeks attributed both of the epics to the same man, and we have little hard evidence that would make us doubt the ancient authorities, but uncertainty is a constant feature of scholarly work dealing with Homer's era of Greek history. The Greeks hailed him as their greatest poet, as well as their first. Although the Greeks recognized other poets who composed in Greek before Homer, no texts from these earlier poets survived. Perhaps they were lost, or perhaps they were never written down†¹Homer himself was probably on the cusp between the tradition of oral poetry and the new invention of written language. Texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey existed from at least the sixth century BC, and probably for a considerable span of time before that. These two great epic poems also had a life in performance: through the centuries, professional artists made their living by reciting Homer, performing the great epics for audiences that often know great parts of the poem by heart. It is impossible to pin down with any certainty when Homer lived. Eratosthenes gives the traditional date of 1184 BC for the end of the Trojan War, the semi-mythical event which forms the basis for the Iliad. The great Greek historian Herodotus put the date at 1250 BC. These dates were arrived at in a very approximate manner; Greek historians usually used genealogy and estimation when trying to find the dates for events in the distant past. But Greek historians were far less certain about the dates for Homer's life. Some said he was a contemporary of the events of the Iliad, while others placed him sixty or a hundred or several hundred years afterward. Herodotus estimated that Homer lived and wrote in the ninth century BC. He almost certainly lived in one of the Greek city-states in Asia Minor. All of the traditional sources say that he was blind. Over the course of millennia of scholarly speculation, prevailing theories about Homer and his relationship to his work have had time to change and change again.

Aston Blair Case

1. At the end of the case, Bacon finds himself in a difficult situation due to the leaking of confidential company information. This major problem stemmed from the fact that Bacon withheld an important document from Meir and the rest of the task force team. Dr. Cornelius was informed of Bodin’s 6 summary statement report which suggests that the regional sales managers were consistently overstating their sales estimates in order to ensure adequate inventory and rapid delivery.Bodin shared his findings with Bacon and Reiss, in confidence, and they all agreed that none of the information would be presented in the August 4th presentation or to the task force team until Bodin had the opportunity to discuss everything with his boss; Vice President Jed Burns. Unfortunately Bacon left the paper on his desk, where Meir was able to read it, and then passed on the information to Dr. Cornelius. Cornelius has taken it upon himself to schedule an appointment with Burns to reveal Bodinâ€⠄¢s findings and that situation ignited Bacons current problem.Reiss, who witness the entire ordeal, is now extremely upset with Bacon for allowing others to obtain the confidential information and is fearful of the consequences it will bring for Bodin, once Burns finds out. The entire problem stems from the confidential information Bodin provided to Bacon. One of the factors that has caused Bacons current problem was that he didn’t take precautionary measures to hide the document. By leaving it on his desk, he facilitated the information to other people. Another factor that might have caused Bacons problem is his lack of communication.Perhaps if he has shared the information with his task force team they would have understood better and not leaked the information to other people in the company before the scheduled time. Another obvious problem for Bacon was the tension between him and other people in the company. Meir was not very supportive of Bacon and his leadership role, and felt Dr. Cornelius rightfully deserved the title. Because the team wasn’t united and didn’t rightfully support each other, it lead to a dismembered team at the end.2. Early 1991 – Price of gold declines and sales forecasts continue aggressive for Aston-Blair results in excessive inventories of overvalued gold, silver, and platinum. June 12 – Wynn Aston III asks Peter Casey (vice-president of marketing) and Chris Trott (vice-president of corporate planning) to reexamine the company’s procedures for forecasting sales. Together they decide to create a taskforce and select Michael Bacon (special assistant to Chris Trott) to head the team investigating forecast problems. July 23 – Meeting set up with Trott, Casey, and the market managers for August 4 to present progress and recommendations.July 24 – Meeting between task force members is called. Everyone attended except Meir (who was gathering data in NYC). It was decided that more inf ormation needs to be gathered and prepared for Burns to review prior to presenting to market managers; August 4th deadline not likely to be met. August 4 – Meeting begins well and takes a dive once Meir presents. Market manager’s questions validity of research. A break is called to cool off heated arguments and meeting is set to reconvene at 3pm. Confidential information is discovered that may implicate Emile Bodin’s knowledge of foul play within the company.Michael Bacon faced with several dilemmas needing immediate resolution. 3. Stemming from the first meeting when the team was assembled, there was a lack of communication and a lack of leadership. Bacon did not take charge and let Holt have the lead. Reiss finally spoke up for the teams and direction the they should take. Bacon never made an assertive decision and always seemed to be guided, even by his team. Since the team divided into subgroups they never fully developed a unified team relationship. Another problem was the design of the team.It was obvious that there was resentment from team members that the younger associates were put in charge of the assignment. The sales managers were angry that this task force team was coming in attempting to tell them how to do their jobs and change the way they do things. Overall there was too much conflict and resentment to get anything accomplished What didn’t happen, that should have, on the day of the presentation was during the break, Bacon could have called a meeting of all the task force members and taken the time to unify everyone.He could have emphasized the importance of the task force and their recommendations and reassured everyone he was there to support them. He could have also gotten feedback from the members and used the time to develop a plan for what the team needed to do when they returned to the meeting. Another one of the major issues was the lack of information sharing between team members. Bacons major problem stems from the fact that he withheld an important document from Meir and the rest of the task force team. What Bacon could have done, but he didn’t, was taken a moment to inform everyone of the new knowledge that came to light.Perhaps had he done so, the task force member would have felt a better sense of cohesiveness and finally team unity. 4. Pros – More time is needed to sort through the information and provide a good argument for report. Cancelling the meeting would allow adequate time for additional research to commence. By cancelling the meeting, relationships with marketing managers could have more time to be re-established and improved. Information can be reviewed and supported by upper management By cancelling the meeting, the Vice President could be brought up to speed on the gathered information and perhaps intervene himself.Cons – canceling meeting gives sense of not being prepared properly thus losing influence (clout) Following through on meeting and su ccessfully delivering message will show confidence in report findings. Delivering information before it may leak incorrectly will cover anyone providing that information and saving face for Bacon and team If they cancelling the meeting, it would put a blemish on their professional reputations for not being able to get the job done on time.

Importance of Fashion

Fashion Is Important Fashion is a concept that has been around since the beginning of ages. The Neanderthals of the Stone Age used sewn animal skins to get protection from the harsh environmental factors. This simple body covering that people used then went on developing throughout time to suit the different climates and cultures of the world. However today fashion is seen as a form of adornment and moreover a way of life, especially for the young generation. Fashion is the first thing that happens each morning; we wake up put on a clean presentable outfit in which we would feel good o face the day.The term â€Å"bad hair days† are very real in today's world; people's days are ruined if they have bad hair or a bad outfit. This makes fashion an important factor in creating a successful day. The outward appearance is very often an essential factoring building confidence. For many, especially those of them in the business world don't feel good enough to face interviews, meetings and conferences if they are not satisfied with their appearance. Others, that is, teenagers who are the biggest fans of fashion consider fashion a cult and would always be updated about he latest trends and sport them around town.This way fashion has become a prominent affair in our lives. Different fashion conceitedness out a lot about the culture, environment, values, traditions and roots of a group of people and where they come from. In a few coo tries and governmental systems, they require people to dress in a particular way due to many reasons be it religion, culture, values etc. The I-JAKE itself can be cited as an example of such a country; though strictly not observed, we do see certain signboards at malls and other public areas requesting decent looting.Such is the scenario in most middle eastern countries. The most recent vogue is ethnic inspired modern wear. This is bring Eng up the early clothing styles of countries mixed with modern outfits to create a fusion of ages an d cultures. Another important aspect of fashion is that allows us to recognize nationalities through their dressed. A man in Candors will easily be recognized as an Arab, while an elegant silk Scare will speak Hindi and the elegant folds off Kimono displays Japan. This tells us that the way a person dresses speaks a lot.

Term Paper on Abortion

Term Paper on Abortion In biological terms, abort means to expel a foetus during the early months of pregnancy or to check a disease or a condition during its early stages and abortion means the premature birth of an embryo before it is capable of continuing life. Abortion is considered a crime of murder if it is allowed to be done intentionally as a life, which is not capable to be born still, is tried to be eradicated with the help of medical expertise. Abortion can be also be caused by carelessness of the mother or any accidental happening when the mother is unable to secure herself or her baby. Sometimes, there is a situation when the mother’s life is in danger; the doctors recommend the mother and her relatives to abort the unborn baby as to secure the life of the mother. In case of securing mother’s life, abortion is not considered a crime but if the child is aborted for any unauthorized or illegal purposes, it is a criminal activity that is prohibited by law. Students who belong to the discipline of medical and the professionals of medical are well are of the effects and causes of abortion, they also know about the precautionary measures that a woman should take after abortion and they are also aware of the stages and needs of pregnancy that a woman should follow during her pregnancy but the commoners are not knowledgeable about any effects and causes and the precautionary measures which they should take during pregnancy. In such a situation, the medical practitioners and students of medicine should write a term papers on abortion or abortion term papers for the awareness of common people in terms of abortion and its harmful effects and the steps that a woman should take after her abortion. Now, the problem faced by medical students is how to write a term paper on abortion or term papers on abortion? For writing term papers on abortion, follow the following steps: Introduce the topic of term paper on abortion. Your introduction should contain information and a thesis statement that should reveal your point of view related to abortion. A thesis statement is a one-line answer to your abortion term paper question. Your term paper on abortion should be simple and clear, so that, everyone can understand your term paper on abortion. Divide your term paper on abortion in various sections such as introduction, literature review, effects, adversities caused by abortion, reasons for abortions, legal conditions associated with abortion, findings, precautionary measures and conclusion and any other, that seem suitable to you for inclusion in term paper on abortion. Include only precise and accurate information in your term papers on abortion. You can also buy term paper on abortions from any supporting entity that provides abortion term papers for support of students or read some writing tips how to write a term paper on our blog.

Third Battle of Winchester - Battle of Opequon - Civil War

Third Battle of Winchester - Battle of Opequon - Civil War Third Battle of Winchester - Conflict Date: The Third Battle of Winchester was fought September 19, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip Sheridanapprox. 40,000 men Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Earlyapprox. 12,000 men Third Battle of Winchester - Background: In June 1864, with his army besieged at Petersburg by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, General Robert E. Lee dispatched Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early to the Shenandoah Valley.   It was his hope that Early could reverse Confederate fortunes  in the area which had been damaged by Major General David Hunters victory at Piedmont  earlier in the month as well as  divert some Union forces away from Petersburg.   Reaching Lynchburg, Early  succeeded in  compelling  Hunter to withdraw into West Virginia and then advanced down  (north) the Valley.   Crossing into Maryland, he defeated a scratch Union force at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9.  Ã‚  Responding  to this crisis, Grant directed VI Corps north from the siege lines to reinforce Washington, DC.   Though Early menaced the capital later in July, he lacked the forces to assault the Union defenses.   With little other choice, he retreated back to the Shenandoah. Third Battle of Winchester - Sheridan Arrives: Tired of Earlys activities, Grant formed the Army of the Shenandoah on August 1 and appointed Major General Philip H. Sheridan to lead it.   Comprised of Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps, Brigadier General William Emorys XIX Corps, Major General George Crooks VIII Corps (Army of West Virginia), and three  divisions of cavalry under Major General Alfred Torbert,  this new command received orders to destroy Confederate forces in the Valley and render the  region useless as a source of supplies for Lee.   Advancing from Harpers Ferry, Sheridan initially showed caution and probed to test Earlys strength.   Possessing four  infantry and two cavalry divisions, Early mistook Sheridans early  tentativeness as  over-caution and allowed his command to be strung out between Martinsburg and Winchester. Third Battle of Winchester - Moving to Battle: Learning that Earlys men were dispersed, Sheridan elected to drive on Winchester which was held by Major General Stephen D. Ramseurs division.   Warned of the Union advance, Early worked feverishly to reconcentrate his army.   Around 4:30 AM on September 19,  the lead  elements of Sheridans command pushed into the  narrow confines of Berryville Canyon east of Winchester.   Seeing an opportunity to delay the enemy, Ramseurs men blocked the canyons western exit.   Though ultimately driven back by Sheridan, Ramseurs action bought time for  Early to gather Confederate forces in Winchester.   Advancing from canyon, Sheridan neared the town but was not ready to attack until around midday. Third Battle of Winchester - Striking Early: To defend Winchester, Early deployed the divisions of Major Generals John B. Gordon, Robert Rodes, and Ramseur in a north-south line to the east of the town.   Pressing west, Sheridan  prepared to attack with VI Corps on the left and elements of XIX Corps on the  right.   Finally in position at 11:40 AM, Union forces commenced their advance.   While Wrights  men moved forward along the Berryville Pike, Brigadier General Cuvier Grovers division of XIX Corps stepped off  from a woodlot known as First Woods and crossed an open area dubbed Middle Field.   Unknown to Sheridan, Berryville Pike slanted  south and a gap soon opened between VI Corps right flank and Grovers division.   Enduring severe artillery fire, Grovers men charged Gordons position and began to drive them from a stand of trees  named Second Woods (Map). Though he attempted to halt  and consolidate his men in the woods, Grovers troops impetuously charged through them.   To the south, VI Corps began to make headway against Ramseurs flank.   With the situation critical, Gordon and Rodes quickly organized a series of counterattacks to save the Confederate position.   As they moved troops forward, the latter was cut down by an exploding shell.   Exploiting the gap between VI Corps and Grovers  division, Gordon reclaimed Second Woods and forced the enemy back  across Middle Field.   Seeing the danger, Sheridan worked to rally his men while pushing the divisions of Brigadier Generals William Dwight (XIX  Corps) and David  Russell (VI Corps) into the gap.   Moving forward, Russell fell when a shell exploded near him and command of his division passed to Brigadier General Emory Upton. Third Battle of Winchester - Sheridan Victorious: Stopped by the Union reinforcements, Gordon and the Confederates retreated back to the edge of Second Woods and for the next two hours the sides engaged in long-range skirmishing.   To break the stalemate, Sheridan directed VIII Corps to form on the Union right astride Red Bud Run, with the division of Colonel Isaac Duval to the north and that of Colonel Joseph Thoburn to the south. Around 3:00 PM,  he issued orders for the entire Union line to advance.   On the right, Duval fell  wounded  and command passed to future president Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes.   Striking the enemy, Hayes and Thoburns troops caused Earlys left to disintegrate.   With his line collapsing, he ordered his men to fall back to positions closer to  Winchester. Consolidating his forces, Early formed an L-shaped line with the left bent back to face the advancing men of VIII Corps.   Coming under coordinated attacks from Sheridans troops, his position became more desperate when Torbert appeared north of town with the cavalry divisions of Major General William Averell and Brigadier General Wesley Merritt.   While Confederate  cavalry, led by Major General Fitzhugh Lee, offered resistance at Fort Collier and Star Fort, it was slowly driven back by Torberts superior numbers.   With  Sheridan about to overwhelm his position and Torbert threatening to surround his army, Early saw no choice  but abandon  Winchester  to retreat south. Third Battle of Winchester - Aftermath: In the fighting at the Third Battle of Winchester, Sheridan sustained 5,020 killed, wounded, and missing while the Confederates incurred 3,610 casualties.  Ã‚  Beaten and outnumbered, Early withdrew twenty miles  south to Fishers Hill.   Forming a new  defensive position, he came under attack from Sheridan two days later.   Beaten in the resulting  Battle of Fishers Hill, the Confederates again retreated, this time to Waynesboro.   Counterattacking on October 19, Early struck Sheridans army at the Battle of Cedar Creek.   Though successful early in the fighting, strong Union counterattacks effectively destroyed his army in the afternoon. Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Third Battle of WinchesterThird Battle of Winchester

ECE440 Week4Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECE440 Week4Discussion - Essay Example Working with children requires an understanding of the best methods of attaining their attention. The idea is to get the most essential attributes that will precisely provide children with a higher chance of remembering what they are taught. Essentially, the demands of these children are pegged on the ability to reach out to the structures intended to remind them of what they read, and have a view of what they are learning (Shores, & Grace, 2005). This is a great way of ensuring the students do understand what they learn, and capitalize on their ability to memorize the pictures. It also reduces the processing demands of semantic information, reducing the complexity of the information attained. It also improves the children’s ability to learn strategically, with an emphasis placed on their communication skills, reading and writing capabilities, as well as analytical creative and critical thinking skills (Atkins-Burnett, & Meisels, 2005). The constructions of such patterns in th eir minds provide a greater understanding of the thinking constructs that define the results

Marriage, families and relationships; making choices in a diverse Case Study

Marriage, families and relationships; making choices in a diverse society - Case Study Example People stay together and lose focus on the right thing to do after staying together for too long. Another reason is the low quality of life. They believe that, lives of couples living together cannot be compared to those of married couples. There is an increase in the number of Americans who are unmarried because of a number of reasons. One of the chief explanations is that, the career choices taken by many individuals today are demanding (Lamanna & Riedmann, 2012). Time taken to concentrate on the right thing to do with regards to career limits the time taken to have a family. This is considered one of the main reasons as to why people remain unmarried in modern society. Another reason could be the demise of a partner or unfaithfulness. These factors can cause people to make the choice of remaining alone, instead of suffering the heartache of losing someone. Moreover, the preferred lifestyle of choice prevents many people from committing to marriage. The sense of responsibility among people today is not as it used to be long ago. People tend to remain unmarried since the thought of responsibility does not appeal to the modern person. Not everyone who has children wants to have them. There are some pressures that society places on individuals to have children in order to fit in this setting (Lamanna & Riedmann, 2012). One of the social pressures that ensure people have children is, to create the setting they grew up around as children. When people grow up, the urge to create and develop something similar to what they had as children tends to overwhelm people. This leads to the formation of a family, complete with a wife and children. People also have children so that they can feel immortal. They tend to think that they go on living through their children after death, or old age. In many societies, it is seen as a sign of strength. Children usually seal the deal between married

Storyteller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storyteller - Essay Example As the audience comprises of second grade students, both the story: Picking Peas and The Old woman and her pig, were one of the best materials that could be used in order to let the audience learn as well as participate in it. As for the setting, nothing can be better as the place, our own school, was the best setting one could have. It is because it's hard for the students to transfer to a different location plus the fact that the school can decorate the class with the help of the students so as to enhance and to encourage their cooperation in the storytelling. It also gives them a sense of belongingness that the event was theirs alone. - The proper gestures for the storytelling were present in Ms. Jones' act. She had the proper breathing, posture and eye contact enough to enrapture the crowd of second graders and enough to have the students listen and cooperate during the storytelling. Quality of voice: (a) volume, (b) pleasing inflection, (c) sense of excitement, energy - The quality of voice is excellent. There was enough inflection on it and the voice quality is superb. For every scene, there was a different voice projection and it followed that if the scene was sad, the voice was sad too and so on. You can feel the flow of the story just by listening to Ms. Jones' voice. - As stated above, if the voice quality is superb, it follows that the facial expr

Promoting Tourism in Tanzania

Promoting Tourism in Tanzania Tanzania is situated just south of the equator in East Africa. The mainland lies between the areas of the great lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi, with the Indian Ocean on its coastline to the east (Africa Guide Online 1). Tanzania has frontiers with the following countries; to the North; Kenya and Uganda, to the West: Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo, to the South: Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, to the East: Indian Ocean (Tanzanian Government Online1). The country is also the home to the Kilimanjaro which is with its 19,340ft, the highest mountain in Africa (Africa Guide Online 1). Dodoma is the political capital with a population of 300,000, while Dares Salaam is the countries commercial capital (Tanzanian GovernmentOnline 1). Tanzania has three main climatic areas; the coastal area and immediate hinterland, with tropical conditions and an average of 26.6 °C(80 °) and which is high in humidity; the central plateau, which is hotand dry and the third region is the semi-temperate highland areas, witha healthy and cool climate (Africa Guide Online 2). The hot periods arebetween November and February and the coldest areas between May andAugust (Tanzanian Government Online 1). In regards to when the bestseason for tourists to visit is, writers seem not to have found aconsensus; some suggest the standard tourist season is January andFebruary, as the hot dry weather at this time of the year is generallyconsidered to be the most pleasant (Lonely Planet Online). While othersargue that the best times to travel is between July through to Marchfor the Northern and Southern parts of Tanzania as well as Zanzibar.And for the Western area the months from May through to March are mostsuitable for tourist activities (Tan zania Online). Tanzania belongs to the poorest countries in the world. In 2005 thecountry has a population of 36,766,356 and a population growth rate of1.83% (2005 est.), while 36% (in 2002 est.) of the population is belowpoverty line (CIA Online). However, there are various numbers inregards to this subject, and some of them even claim that it is 50% ofthe population which lives below the poverty line (Tanzanian GovernmentOnline 1). And although the numbers are still shocking, there seems tohave been some improvement in terms of the poverty in Tanzania in thepast 20 or so years. Since in 1988, according to IFDA, there werenearly 12 million rural Tanzanians, or 60 per cent of the ruralpopulation, living below the poverty line (IFDA, 1992, Cooksey, citedin Bierman and Moshi, 1997:77). The population in the mainland consist of 99% native Africans (of which95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes). And the other 1%consists of Asians, Europeans and Arabs. However, in Zanzibar the mixof populations differs, there are much more Arabs, some native African,and then mixes between the two (CIA Online).   This again is mirrored in the religion represented, in the mainland its30% Christians, 35% Muslims and 35% indigenous beliefs, where as inZanzibar it’s more than 99% Muslim (CIA Online). The official language is Kiswahili or Swahili (called Kiunguja inZanzibar). English is the official primary language of commerce,administration and higher education. But Arabic is naturally widelyspoken in Zanzibar, and on top there are various further locallanguages all over Tanzania, naturally with more than 130 differenttribes (CIA Online). The GDP composition by sector looks as followed: agriculture: 43.2%, industry: 17.2%, services: 39.6% (2004 est.). The economy heavily depends on agriculture(coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum, cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves,corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle,sheep and goats), accounting for almost half of GDP (85% of exports,employing 80% of work force). The official aid flow in 2000 was1,044.6million USD, which was 11.6% share of GDP in the year 2000.(Ellis and Freeman, 2005) Tanzania seems stable under the Mkapa president leadership, however,political paralysis and deep rifts between minorities seem to havemanifested themselves and are unlikely to disappear within the nearfuture. Also is the support of the opposition (against Mkapa) growing,leading in 2001 to massive rallies and sometimes even violence. The economy received massive boosts in 2001 with the opening of theBulyanuhu gold mine and in 2004 with the opening of the Songosongonatural gas field. Tanzania was also one of the countries affected by the recent December2004 Tsunami. However, thankfully the government had enough time toreact to the warnings, and thus evacuate most of the area, leavingâ€Å"only† 13 killed (Lonely Planet Online). Please see Appendix I on page 3233 for a brief outline of the earlier history of Tanzania. The following dissertation will begin by looking at the current statusand issues in Tanzania’s tourism industry. The second chapter will lookat the very timely issue of sustainability in tourism and in regards toTanzania and the also the UK consumers attitude towards it. The thirdchapter will examine the role of governments in the tourism process. Inthe fourth chapter the marketing tools for a tourism destination willbe analysed. This is then followed by the methodology, which willexplain the methods and methodology used for this dissertation. Thenthe findings are presented, and interpreted. Finally a conclusion willbring to a close the dissertation. Furthermore, naturally, there arethe references, bibliography and some appendices. The dissertation will by no means be exhaustive, due to the time, word,monetary and access restraints. It is merely designed to give someideas towards a possible way of a better promotion of Tanzania inregards to the UK market.  Ã‚   Literature Review Chapter 1: Tanzania and Tourism Before looking at what the means for promoting tourism are, firstly ananalysis of the current state of tourism and its problems in Tanzaniais necessary. Wangwe et al. (1998:67) write on tourism possibilities: â€Å"Tanzania isblessed with many attractions for tourism including wildlife, MountKilimanjaro, and beautiful beaches. There are also many cultural andhistorical attractions as well, such as traditional ngomas, andZanzibar and other coastal towns whose sights show the interaction ofEast Africa with many ancient civilizations including the Romans, theIndians and the Middle East†. Tourism in Tanzania is a fairly new development. In fact â€Å"for nearlythree decades after Tanzania’s independence, tourism kept a very lowprofile. However, the National Tourism Policy, which was put in placein 1991, and the government policy of trade and economic liberalizationhave had a positive impact on the acceleration of tourism development†.And â€Å"As of 1994, the National Park system had expanded to eleven,namely, Serengeti, Ruaha, Ngorongoro, Mikumi, Tarangire, Katavi,Kilimanjaro, Rubondo, Manyara, Arusha and Gombe Stream†. Also â€Å" In 1994about 262,000 tourists visited Tanzania† (Wangwe et al. 1998:67)†. In fact, tourism is Tanzania’s fastest growing sector, however stillcounting for less than 10% of GDP (Author Unknown, Nov.2002). Andtourism is also Tanzania’s second largest foreign exchange earner(Author Unknown, 01/02/1998). Pollock (cited in Fennell, 2003) writesthat tourism has started to be an important part in the economy ofTanzania. However, the importance of game conservations has beenrecognized nationally as well as internationally, standing in directcontrast to tourism development. And also although tourism may help tofund conservation and development, the reliance on it can beproblematic due to the fickle nature of the market (Smith and Duffy,2003). However, the tourism industries mission statement which forms the basisof the tourism planning policy is to: â€Å"†¦.develop quality tourism thatis ecologically friendly to the conservation and restoration of theenvironment and its people’s culture† (Author Unknown, TanzaniaGovernment Online 2). Nevertheless, National Parks are already often overcrowded, and this isdeveloping into a serious problem (Hein, 1997). The Sopa Lodges inTanzania are fully booked throughout the summer, and Agent NinaWennersten of Woodcliff Lake says that Tanzania’s tourism has doubledin each of the last two years (Ruggia, 2004). Also the Africa SafariCo’s chief executive Susie Potter said that the year 2005 was shapingup to be a great year for them (Travel trade, 17/11/2004). Smulian(2005) writes that â€Å"agents should advise visitors hoping to see thestunning wildlife of Tanzania’s national parks to book early this year,after the countries best-ever season saw overbooking at lodges lastsummer†. All in all it seems that Tanzanians tourism market is booming.The UK is in fact the largest tourism market for Tanzania, saysdirector of the Tanzania Tourist Board, Peter Mwenguo. He also notes in2004 that the tourism industry in Tanzania is booming now (Ruggia,2004). And although environmental efforts seem to be taken seriously, such asthe Serena Hotel Chain in Tanzania, which operates to environmentalstandards that are among the world’s best (Middleton and Hawkins,1998). Nevertheless, the country is lacking in adequate infrastructureand there seems to be no multi-sectoral approach, nor has thedevelopment of tourism been very coordinated (Wangwe et al. 1998:68). This then leaves the government with various difficulties in developinga sustainable tourism policy, and writers such as Schmale (1993) giveexamples of Tanzania in regards to the socio-political and economicalenvironment and the challenges local organizations face. For examplethere is the problem of the socio-cultural impact on the Maasai peoplewhose traditional territory includes the National Parks. â€Å"Employmentfor the Maasai living around these parks was limited to posing forphotographs and selling craft souvenirs (Bachman, 1988, cite in Halland Lew 1998:63)†.   Tanzania targets high-spending tourists and the steep rise in touristnumbers have increased the pressure on services (Author Unknown,Nov.2002). The country is thus opening up opportunities along theIndian Ocean shoreline (Author Unknown, Nov.2002) namely the CC Africalodges on less-visited parts of Tanzania (Dunford, 2004). However, Vesely (2000) comments that there are also plenty ofpossibilities for not so wealthy visitors to go to Tanzania, and thatthere are well developed camp-sites, tented camps and motel stylefacilities. However, in the past eight years, there also has been some negativenews on Tanzania. Just recently there were two British students shot ina violent ambush on the Island of Pemba in Tanzania (Dennis, 2004). TheForeign and the Commonwealth Office immediately updated the traveladvice, since last month there was already a fatal shooting of aBritish tourist and a fatal shooting of a British businessman inTanzania. And tour operators do believe that this will hit touristnumbers in a negative way (Dennis, 2004). Unfortunately, theseincidents have not been the first once, and there have been eventsalready in earlier years. In 1998, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzaniawere bombed by terrorists, naturally resulting in heavy cancellationsfrom US tourists at the time (Berger, 1998). Furthermore were theresome political violence incidents in Zanzibar in 2001, which spoiledthe reputation of Tanzania as a stable and progressive democracy(Vesely, 2001). One could expect and argue that all of these in cidentshad negative impacts on the tourism in Tanzania, and thus a specialpart in Chapter 4: Tourism and Marketing will be allocated toward themarketing of a destination in crisis.   The above chapter has outlined that Tanzania’s tourism industry isperforming very well, and that indeed the UK tourists are their primemarket. In fact, there were even overbooking last year, due to suchhigh demand. Consequently, there are new resorts opening up and it isquestionable to whether one should further exploit the tourismopportunities, in the light of sustainable development and tourism.  Ã‚   Although modern mass tourism only appeared post war 1950’s (Weaver andOppermann, 2000 and Winpenny, 1991), the results that uncontrolledexploitation of tourism opportunities has shown is catastrophic, as canbe seen on examples such as the Spanish coast (Richards and Hall,2000). Thus unsurprisingly, sustainability is arguably the new fad wordin the tourism industry, since many destinations now faceenvironmental, socio-cultural and even economical damages caused by thechaotic growth of (mass) tourism. In fact; â€Å"There are examples fromalmost every country in the world, where tourism development has beenidentified as being the main cause of environmental degradation†(Lickorish and Jenkins, 1999:85).   Therefore, the practice of sustainable development is of crucialimportance. The definition offered at the Globe ’90 Conference inVancouver for sustainable tourism and development was as followed;â€Å"Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to managementof all resources in such a way that we can fulfil economic, social andaesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essentialecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems†(Tourism Stream Action Committee 1990, Ledbury cited in Hein, 1997:30). Tourism’s impacts can be divided into three elements; economical,environmental and socio-cultural (Coltman, 1989). Thus, those are thethree headings that not only the sustainable debate, but also otheroutcomes should be measured at. Therefore, according to sustainabletourism, three points have to be achieved through tourism development: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increasing economic value of tourism 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   An improvement in the life quality of people 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Protection and responsible use of natural resources (Keyser, 2002)    And also consumers are responding to this new sustainability â€Å"trend.In fact, mainstream consumer preferences are being influenced by thismovement for responsible forms of tourism (Goodwin cited in Jenkins etal. 2002).   And Butcher (2003) notes on an important shift to a growthin ethical consumption. Thus, sustainability also indirectly influencesthe economic impact, in terms of consumer choices for sustainability.   Especially our target market, the UK, seems to show an interest incriticism of tourism development and â€Å"bad tourism and tourists† (Allenand Brennan, 2005). Therefore, sustainability development and tourismshould be practiced by the Tanzania government and tourism industry.Not only because it will help to ensure that the environment will notget too spoi led and thus leave good prospects for future tourismbusiness, but also because it might arguably be seen as favourable bythe UK target market.   The involvement of governments in the process of tourism promotionarguably varies in levels depending on the country. And thus thequestion arises whether and when governments should be involved, notonly in the marketing, but in the business of tourism. Jeffries (2001) argues that due to the cooperation and coordinationrequired, due to the complexity of the industry and its products,debatably only the government has the authority and apparatus toorganize such successfully. Furthermore does he outline that â€Å"in verypoor developing countries (such as Tanzania) governments are encouragedby aid programmes to use tourism not only as a tool to combat povertybut as a means for encouraging and financing biodiversity and natureconservation, a matter of considerable interest in donor communities†(Jeffries, 2001:106). Therefore, it could be suggested that the governments involvement seemsof crucial importance to the success of Tanzania’s tourism future, butalso to the country in itself in terms of sustainability on theeconomic, environmental and socio-cultural aspect. In fact, the Tanzanian government seems to have recognized such, andis highly concerned with improving the infrastructure quality anddiversity, ease of destination entry formalities, revision ofapplicable taxes and maintenance of peace, stability and security,regulation of foreign exchange regulations and controls (TanzaniaGovernment Online 2). â€Å"†¦. marketing is a strategic process that aims to fit the resources ofa destination to the opportunities existing in the market† (Godfrey andClarke, 2000:125). Following the thought of this quote, one couldpostulate that marketing is finding a way to identify the market whichwill be interested in the resources available. Before the promotion of the destination starts, a marketing plan should be established. The marketing process which results in a marketing plan should focus on answering four questions: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where are we now? [situation analysis; PEST and Porter’s 5forces and SWOT]; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where do we want to be? [marketing objectives]; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How do we get there? [strategies and tactics]; †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How do we know if we’ve got there? [monitoring; before-and-afterresearch, marketing productivity ratios, evaluation and control]. (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000) This should then lead to 2 different marketing plans, a 3-5 yearstrategic marketing plan, setting the outlines for the activities andthe directions for the annual plans. And the annual or the tacticalmarketing plan which should have detailed actions and methods formonitoring achievement (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000). Then it is important to look at the consumer behaviour. The consumerbuying process can be broken down into five steps: Problem Recognition,Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase, Post-PurchaseEvaluation or behaviour (Dibb et al., 2001 and Kotler et al. 1993:47).It is debatably of crucial importance to understand the behaviour ofthe consumers, as especially during the information search and theevaluation of alternatives stages they are faced with so many possibletourism destinations. Pike (2004) argues that consumers nowadays havemore product choices but less decision making time than ever before.Therefore underlining that the means in which the consumer comes incontact with the marketing effort of Tanzania, arguably needs to bememorable and favourable. Pike (2004) further outlines this by arguingthat the size of a consumer’s decision set of destinations will belimited to approximately four, and destinations not included in thatset, are much less likely to be chosen.   Next the market segment for Tanzania needs to be identified. â€Å"A marketsegment can be defined as ‘a subgroup of the total consumer marketwhose members share common characteristics relevant to the purchase oruse of the product’† (Holloway, 2004: 116). There are different types of segmentation; geographic segmentation,demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behaviouralsegmentation (Kotler et al. 1999). Due to the given constraints, it isimpossible to undertake serious market segmentation in thisdissertation. After the segmentation has been decided upon, the destination needspositioning. The successful implementation needs to follow these sevensteps. 1. Identify the target market in travel context 2. Identify the competitive set of destinations in the target market and travel context. 3. Identify the motivation/benefits sought by previous visitors and non-visitors. 4. Identify perception of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the competitive set of destinations. 5. Identify opportunities for differentiated positioning. 6. Select and implement the position. 7. Monitor the performance of the positioning strategy over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   (Pike, 2004:117) The positioning elements consist of the destination name, a symbol anda slogan (Pike, 2004). The name, in a case for a tourist destination isnaturally already given, However, the Tanzanian government should thinkof a creative symbol that will stay in people’s mind. Also (accordingto Pike, 2004) does Tanzania not have a slogan yet, therefore a catchyslogan such as â€Å"I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York† should be developed. All of those efforts will help in creating a brand image. A brand ismore than a symbol; it’s a promise to the consumer, and thus representsmore than a logo (Pike, 2004). And since holidays are a high-riskpurchase, due to the fact that the tourist can neither directly observewhat is being bought nor try it out (Goodall and Ashworth, 1988), itseems of vital importance that a strong brand image is developed. Andbrand loyalty can be easily measured by repeat and referral customers(Pike, 2004). There are three marketing strategies that lead to commercial success;low cost leadership, differentiation (high added value) and focus(specialization to uniqueness) (Holloway, 2004). From the aboveanalysis it could be argued that Tanzania does not rely on low costleadership, but rather on a differentiation strategy. In fact;â€Å"Differentiation is the path chosen by most brand leaders in anyindustry† (Holloway, 2004:270). The next step should be to communicate information and messages to thepublic, which can be done through four different ways; advertising,personal selling, sales promotion and publicity (Holloway, 2004). The advertising can take numerous forms and can vary from persuasive toreminder advertising, variations from high to low budget, from a moodor image to a fantasy or a lifestyle message, from newspaper totelevision, direct mail to radio and magazines to the timing of themedia (and many more) (Kotler et al., 1999). The success can be measured in the communication effect through copytesting. The pre-testing through the direct rating should naturally bedone prior to the release of the advertising. And for post-testing anadvertisement, recall tests or recognition tests can be used (ibid.).The sales effect should be measured, which however proves a ratherdifficult task. Although there often is a relationship betweenpromotional spend on sales, the exact correlation is almost impossibleto establish, due to so many other influences (Holloway, 2004). The RETOSA (Regional Tourism Organization of Southern Africa) marketingresearch and promotions manager Francis Mfune says that they need totarget the trade, especially wholesalers if they want to promote theirtourist destinations well (Ruggia, 2004, II). Therefore, it could beadvised that the government tries and establish good relations withwholesalers in the UK.   The public relation is another promotional tool for the government ofTanzania. However, arguably not always are the public relationscontrollable. As can be demonstrated on the case were some tourismofficials of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia blaming the negative mediapublicity which portrays Africa as a terrorist continent, for thebusiness loss in their tourism industries (Verde, 2003). The PR activities vary from press relations to product publicity,corporate communication, lobbying and counselling (Kotler et al. 1999).The Tanzanian government could use PR promotion in the form ofpublications, special events, news, and speeches (ibid.) And as for promoting Tanzania under the current problems with crime andterrorism, there are some steps to marketing of a destination in crisis: Step 1: Identify the event/problem as either a crisis or a hazard Step 2: Establish a crisis management team (Media and PR, relationswith the travel industry in source markets, destination responsecoordination with the local tourism industry, liaison with local andregional tourism authorities and foreign governments, governmentsadvisories and travel insurance and alliances with tour operators,airlines and hospitality industry representatives servicing thedestination in source markets) Step 3: Promoting the destination during and after a crisis Step 4: Monitoring recovery and analysing the crisis experience (Beirman, 2003).    In the methodology, it will be outlined how theresearch was conducted, which designs and methods were used as well ashow the data was collected and an explanation of why the particularmethods were used. The research process onion (please see Appendix IIon page 34) developed by Saunders et al. (2003; 83) was used asguidance and hopefully helps elucidate resea rch method and methodologyused to the reader.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. Research philosophy The research philosophy is represented by two different corners ofthought; the realist (objectivist) and the relativist (subjectivist)(Saunders et al., 2003). Realist: positivistic, a stance of a natural scientist, believes inquantitative data and external realities. Relativist: interpretivism,believes in qualitative research and the social construction of reality(Saunders et al., 2003). It places a rather difficult task to identify which philosophy theresearch was based on, as there are parts of both corners apparent.However, the realist corner arguably was more present. To furtherexamine the different philosophies, it would be advisable to look atrealism and relativism in the view of ontology and epistemology.Ontology is described as the â€Å"assumptions we make about the nature ofreality† (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002: 31), while epistemology is theâ€Å"general set of assumptions about the best ways of inquiring into thenature of the world† (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002: 31). 1.1 How do we know what is valid During the first part of the dissertation, the research was focused onsecondary research, including some quantitative data. The disparitybetween some of the research makes it difficult to depict a clearpicture. The realist perspective sees validity in whether the researchprocedures can supply an accurate illustration of reality(Easterby-Smith, 2002). Arguably this proves almost impossible in the country of Tanzania, dueto the differences between Tribes, as well as due to the lack offormally conducted research, and the disparity of locations andconditions of living standards of people. However, for the secondaryresearch conducted about the theories of tourism, sustainability andmarketing, a reliable picture should have been depicted on the varioustheories and concepts. All the secondary data was gathered from books,academic journals, online databases such as Ebscohost.com, newspaperarticles and online resources. As for the primary research, only a small sample of research wasconducted, making the reliability of this preposterous. However, theprimary research was mainly used to tests some of the marketingtheories, to elucidate which efforts would be worth furtherconsidering. The reliability of the research is arguably more positive,as it is unlikely that the respondents would have given differentanswers to a different person. The generalizability of the research islimited however, although it might give insights into countries with asimilar tourism package, the research was made solely with Tanzania inmind.   2. Research Approach There are two different research approaches, one is theory testing,namely the deductive approach, and one is theory building, namely theinductive approach (Saunders et al., 2003). Again, it is most difficultto apply one approach only to the research. In the first part, thetheory is outlined, and in the primary research, it is tested. However,by no means can it be claimed that this dissertation has build atheory, and thus it is arguably more of a deductive research approach. 3. Research Strategies â€Å"By a research strategy, we simply mean a general orientation to theconduct of business research† (Bryman and Bell, 2003:25). Bryman andBell however focused the research strategy on the distinction betweenresearches being conducted through quantitative or qualitative data.Whereas Saunders et al. (2003) see the research strategy more as ageneral plan of how one goes about answering the research question. 3.1 Case Study Daymon and Holloway (2002) describe the case study research as arigorous examination which uses multiple sources of evidence of asingle entity, which is fixed by time and place. It is best used wheninvestigations into the how and why are done. Saunders et al. (2003)see case studies as investigations into a timely topic, using numeroussources of evidence and collection methods including; questionnaires,observations, interviews and documentary analysis. In the first part of the dissertation, the focus was on giving aclearer picture of the product to be marketed. Because arguably, if onedoes not know what it is that has to be marketed, one can not identifythe means required to market the destination successfully. Therefore, firstly the country Tanzania was introduced, then the stateof tourism in Tanzania, followed by a brief outline of the timely issueof sustainability in tourism. Furthermore there is the chapter abouttourism and the government. Then the marketing means were identified,which could possibly yield a good result in attracting UK customers toTanzania, however, to tests whether those means had any ground to standon, the questionnaires were conducted, to analyse the peoples responseto the suggested means. Therefore, the how is attempted to be answered,and sometimes also the why.   4. Time horizons Again there was a mixed approach. For the first part of thedissertation, there was a longitudinal time horizon in some aspects, asthere were some historical facts. However, the main focus of timehorizon for this dissertation will be the cross-sectional, as it isfocused on what are the means nowadays, to attract UK tourists toTanzania (Saunders et al. 2003). 5. Data collection methods 5.1 Sampling Non-probability sampling was used in line with the case study approach(Saunders et al., 2003). Only 20 face to face interviews wereundertaken, which actually represents a very small sample from thenumerous possible UK tourists. This was done using purposive samplingin a homogenous way (Saunders et al., 2003). People who came outside ofa travel agent were asked to complete the face-to-face interviews withquestionnaire which consisted of specific questions 5.2 Market Research Questionnaires The questionnaire was constructed for the use of face-to-facesemi-structured interviews (Birn, 2000). The questionnaire had somestructured questions, being fixed-choice and pre-coded, and somestructured questions without fixed-choice (ibid.). To capture the data,note taking on the inquirers side was undertaken. 5.3 Questionnaire design Following is a brief outline of the various issues considered when designing a questionnaire:    Wording; tiny changes in the wording can lead to completely different responses (Foddy, 1993).   Design; as well as layout is of vital importance to avoid confusion (Sanchez cited in Bulmer, 2004). Sequence; the answer the respondents gives to one question, mightaffect the answer to the next question, thus paying attention tosequencing is important (Foddy, 1993). Sensitivity; especially when formulating sensible questions (Foddy, 1993). Memory; unfortunately, there are limits to the human memory (Foddy, 1993). In order to avoid ambiguity in the interpretation of the questions, thequestionnaire was pre-tested to ensure only one possible interpretationof the questions was possible (Noelle-Neumann, cited in Bulmer, 2004).But one has to take into account, that even if the questions areclearly understood by the respondents, there may still be variations inwhat respondent’s say, as to what they actually mean or do (Lave et al.1977 Clement, 1982, cited in Machin, 2002). 6. Data Analysis The data from the face-to-face questionnaires was analyzed in a simplebasic way. Each question was analyzed by itself. The number of times acertain answer was given was counted and shown as findings. The answersin conjunction with the literature, mainly from chapter 4, were thenfurther interpreted in the interpretation of findings 7. Research Ethics The questionnaires were designed (hopefully) in a sensible way so thatpeople should not have felt uncomfortable answering the questions. 8. Politics of access There were no issues in regards to politi

Galileo Essay -- essays research papers

Galileo "Whereas Galileo spent his last days under house arrest and was formally condemned by the Church for his scientific views, the elder Darwin was widely respected by the Anglican Church and was buried at the Westminster Abbey, an honor reserved for only the most illustrious personages of Great Britain. The reason for the two scientists' very different fortunes is simple: Galileo couldn't prove the Copernican hypothesis but Darwin was able to demonstrate the truth of his theory of evolution." In the world of Galileo proof was what was needed to succeed with a scientific hypothesis. In the world of Darwin proof was not needed for a scientific hypothesis to succeed. There were many differences in the worlds of these two great scientists that lead to the reaction to their respective scientific hypothesize. It was not their beliefs alone that led to their peer's views it was also the way each of them conducted themselves. Galileo worked his way to become a respected scientist by most of the intellectual community but he was also despised by many because of his background and because of his attitude towards others. Darwin was well respected by the intellectual community, but the difference was the way they conducted themselves when they were dealing with their hypothesizes. Galileo's Hypothesis Galileo was well known for standing up for what he believed in and pushing the things he wanted. He was constantly writing letters and engaging in debates over the issue of Copernicanism. Galileo's entire reason for doing this was to make the scientific and religious communities accept that Copernicanism was actually a fact and that there was enough proof to believe it. One example of the way Galileo strongly pushed his beliefs on others was the way he preached Copernicanism to the people of Rome in 1615. While he was in Rome trying to improve the church's opinion of him, Galileo was also debating the Aristotelians over this issue and beating them at their own game. Because of his natural talent for debate and because of his intelligence was able to outwit the Aristotelians in these debates. Galileo acted this way because he believed that he was in a position to make these kinds of statements without getting on the wrong side of the church. These actions show that Galileo was very insistent upon his ideas and upon what othe... ...did not have to be subject to the approval of the Catholic Church. Darwin and Galileo were very different men who are both remembered as great scientists of their times. While Galileo was condemned for his efforts Darwin was remembered as a hero. This was because of their different methods of presenting their ideas. Galileo was a fighter who would not back down from a fight until he was pitted against the Vatican and faced with excommunication. He tactics caused many people to despise him in his time, which lead to the ban of his book on Copernicanism. While Darwin preferred to work in his home and have others fight his battles for him. It was because of Darwin's passive promotion of his book that he made very few enemies when compared to Galileo. If Galileo was more like Darwin he may have been better off at the time of his death. While much of the Copernican theory is know as fact now there is still a debate over Darwinism. This is because it has yet to be proven definitively. Darwin was still honored for his contribution of this theory because he did it in a scientific manner and did not impose his opinion onto others.

Lenovo’s Five Industry Forces Essay

In recent years, competition in the IT market economy has turned fierce. To survive competition, all organizations need to be fully aware of the prevailing business environment and industrial forces to ensure that their products conform to the customer’s expectations as the taste and choice of the customer changes rapidly over time. Lenovo has utilized unique competitive marketing strategy over the years to achieve rapidly increasing share of the market. Its products are reliable, durable and of high quality, but there is always a great deal of threat from leading competitors in the market. Recent weakening of the US economy, falling dollar value and fierce competition among rivals are some of the irritants to Lenovo’s growth. As a global leader in the PC market, Lenovo’s success rests on its ability to deliver consumer centric innovations in products that deliver a blend of mobility, performance and price. Analysis of marketing research data so collected indicate that all organizations need to be in touch with their business market environment and feel the pulse and ever changing expectations of customers. Lenovo is a business that is built on product innovation, a highly efficient global supply chain and strong strategic execution. Its products range from exceptionally engineered laptops, ultrabooks, tablets, desktops and servers. According to research, for businesses to understand adequately the nature of the competition and the industry forces that they face, they must define their market accurately by recognizing a broad base of its competitors. Major dominating competitors of Lenovo’s personal computers division are Apple Inc., Hewlett-Packard and Dell. Lenovo’s strategy is to develop latest PC’s that are efficient, light in weight with latest features and of course with low competing price as there is cut throat competition in the market. With innovativeness, entrepreneurial spirit and teamwork across various cultures, Lenovo has captured the global market and positioned itself within a short life span as a next generation global company of PC’s. The general state of national as well as international economies effect profoundly the performance and prosperity of a company as economies are rarely stable and ï ¬â€šuctuate quite often. Poor economic conditions make the environment more complex and managers’ jobs more difficult and demanding. The global recession that occurred in 2009 and the fall in global demand and the slow down in economic growth translated into a substantial reduction in global trade. As we already know, it affected the cross-border trade of virtually all countries and economic sectors and some industries are still battling with high inflation. Research shows that while Lenovo’s rivals are outsourcing, its in-house production has helped Lenovo stay upbeat with the competition by lowering their prices which is a key advantage to grow economically. Technology development impacts substantially on people’s lives and companies’ fortunes. In a highly competitive global marketplace all organizations need to be fully aware of the prevailing business environment and at the same time ensure that their products are upcoming conforming to the customer’s expectations that change rapidly over time. Lenovo has utilized unique competitive marketing strategy over the years to achieve rapidly increasing share of the IT market by introducing new and innovative products to its consumers including the state of the art portable lightweight notebooks, tablets and thinkpads. Customer behavior is influenced by sociocultural background such as use of language, use of colors, presentation styles and acceptance and trust inspired by the presented product. In addition, the earning capacity of the target customer group also determines their buying behavior. Lenovo have a strong foundation in place having established their products available worldwide exclusively for customers from different sociocultural and income level backgrounds Taking a cue from the demographic segmentation, manufacturers can design products that are relevant to a majority of the target market. The changing lifestyle trends require innovating or transforming the existing product to keep up with their needs. Changes in populations in terms of their size and characteristics are thus very important to managers as it helps to predict the size and growth rates of markets, and the need for specific products. Lenovo originated in China and has expanded its operations worldwide by focusing on the demographics of different countries by targeting younger generation for their latest X1 Carbon which is their latest light design ThinkPad. Lenovo’s growth also comes from small towns, not just big cities Political and legal environment inï ¬â€šuences the marketing decisions since business functions as per the set rules by the concerned government (s). China may be the second largest trading partner of the U.S., but the road to this increasingly close relationship has not been an easy one. Despite the differences in political systems in the two countries: centralized political system in China and a federalist political system in US, business interactions between the Lenovo and it US partners as well as customers has grown overtime. Lenovo has utilized this to its advantage to stay competitive in the IT market by utilizing cheap labor and other operational costs from China and relying on advanced technological from its US partners. Thereby, Lenovo is able to supply superior quality laptops, tablets to its customer’s world-wide a relatively lower price. Lenovo is one of the fastest growing PC companies today and it is an excellent choice of industry to enter in. According to research, as per its sale records in the market, it is considered the world’s second-largest PC vendor serving customers in more than 160 countries. Lenovo has built its business on product innovation, efficient global supply chain and strong strategic execution. Even in tough and highly competitive environment, the company is thriving well reaffirming that the company is executing its plans well and it continues to deliver excellent industrial growth. Lenovo excelled in their business since in the last year as they earned $8 billion in revenue and $141 million as net profit. This year company is progressing aggressively as Lenovo’s first quarter recorded highest market share of 15 percent and profits up by 30 percent. They are taking appropriate risks by introducing new products to the target market and it looks like they have adopted the business concept very well. Given Lenovo’s continued growth over the past several years, I do believe that it is a good industry to enter. In order to make right business decisions, Lenovo seems to have carried out extensive research and analysis on demographic segmentation in identifying the target population for it various products across the globe. As such Lenovo has in its cabinet a product matching with varied tastes, preferences, beliefs, temperaments, price etc. of different population groups. Depending upon the population strata targeted it has devised specific marketing strategies. References Fletcher, Owen. (October 13, 2011). Lenovo passes Dell to become world’s No 2 PC maker. MarketWatch, The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lenovo-passes-dell-to-become-worlds-no-2-pc-maker-2011-10-13 Loretta Chao. (July 9, 2012). As Rivals Outsource, Lenovo Keeps Production In-House. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.ecommercejobs.com/2012/07/lenovo.pdf Ling, Zhijun (2005). The Lenovo affair: the growth of China’s computer giant and its takeover of IBM-PC. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://books.google.com/books?id=Mg7TdU9E3d0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Wang, et.al. The Strategic Marketing Management Analysis of Lenovo Group. The Journal of Global Business Management. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.jgbm.org/page/19%20Wang%20Wen%20Cheng%20.pdf Jones, Gareth R. and George, Jennifer M. (2013). Essential of Contemporary Management. Pg 126-129. Lenovo. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.lenovo.com The future is here – Lenovo. (July 1, 2010) Retrieved on November 10 2012, from http://www.lenovo.com/ww/lenovo/pdf/report/E_099220100628a.pdf